| 和文 | 英訳 |
|---|---|
| 日露戦争と習志野の捕虜 | The Russo-Japanese War and POWs in Narashino |
| 日露戦争は1904年（明治37年）2月10日に宣戦布告され、8月の遼陽会戦、黄海海戦、翌年1月の旅順開城、3月の奉天決戦と展開されたが、仁川沖での緒戦で撃破されたロシア軍艦ワリャーグ号の負傷兵が1904年3月10日松山に着いて以来、ロシア捕虜は続々、日本内地に送り込まれてくることになる。『軍医の観たる日露戦争』（陸軍軍医監西村文雄著）によると、「我が軍の手に落ちたる露国俘虜の総数は79,367名で、之を得たる主なる戦場は鴨緑江594名、得利寺485名、沙河381名、旅順開城に際しては43,975名（内海軍9,475名）、奉天附近20,773名、樺太4,698名等であった。」このうち72,408名を内地の捕虜収容場に収容したとある。そして「俘虜は其階級に応じて名誉を重んじ優遇を与え、健康の保全に勉め、衛生部員は博愛の慈心を以て之に接し、上司も亦屡々其の取扱の懇切なるべきことを訓示した。 | The Russo-Japanese War was declared on 10th February, 1904, and saw the Battle of Liaoyang and the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August, the surrender of Port Arthur in January the following year, and the decisive Battle of Mukden in March. At the very start of the war, ... was fought, the Russian battle ship Va__ was destroyed, and its injured crewmen were sent to Matsuyama on 10th March, 1904. Starting with this, Russian POWs were continuously sent in to the mainland of Japan throughout the war. In "__", __ __ Fumio Nishimura wrote: "The total number of Russian POWs was 79,367, among which 594 from __, 485 from __, 381 from __, 43,975 (9,745 of them belonged to the Russian Navy) from __, 20,773 from __ and 4,698 from __." 72,480 of them were taken to POW camps in mainland Japan, according to the book. "POWs were treated with appropriate respect according to their ranks. Effort was made to maintain their health. Medics attended POWs compassionately, and their superiors further issued a directive that POWs must be treated with care and heart. |
| 内地の俘虜収容所は松山には初めて之を開き、次で丸亀、姫路、福知山、名古屋、静岡に設け、翌38年に至り、似島、浜寺、大里、福岡、豊橋、山口、大津、伏見、小倉、習志野、金沢、熊本、仙台、久留米、佐倉、高崎、鯖江、善通寺、敦賀、大阪、弘前、秋田、山形の各地に逐次之を開設した。」とある。 | The first POW camp that was established in mainland Japan was that in Matsuyama. Then Marugame, Himeji, Fukuchiyama, Nagoya and Shizuoka came next. In the following year, 1905, Nitori, Hamadera, Osato, Fukuoka, Toyohashi, Yamaguchi, Otsu, Fushimi, Kokura, Narashino, Kanazawa, Kumamoto, Sendai, Kurume, Sakura, Takasaki, Sabae, Zentsuji, Turuga, Osaka, Hirosaki, Akita and Yamagata followed one after another." Nishimura wrote. |
| 各収容所の捕虜収容数は、1905年1月11日現在では次のようになっている。 | Camps took in the following numbers of POWs respectively, as of 11th of January, 1905: |
| (Table) | |
| （才神時雄『松山収容所』による） | (From __ by __) |
| 習志野に捕虜が送られてくるのは、1905年（明治38年）3月下旬のことである。それに先立ち『千葉毎日新聞』は3月20日付で、次のようなニュースを報じている。 | It was towards the end of Martch, 1905, that POWs started to be sent to Narashino. Just before that happened, Chiba Mainichi Shinbun newspaper gave the following article in the issue of March 22: |
| 「捕虜収容所新設 連戦連捷の結果として帝国軍隊の収容せし捕虜其数益々多きに加えて今や松山、福岡、名古屋、大阪其他既設の収容所にては到底狭隘を告ぐるの有様となりしを以て、政府は更らに一大捕虜収容所建設の必要を感じ前日来適当の位置を求めつつありしが、其結果は県下千葉郡津田沼村字実籾及び大久保附近の広地に一大規模を以て新築する事に確定し、已に大部分の土地買収を終りて工事に着手せるが建坪数万、棟数亦た10を以て、日に継ぎ遅くも3ヶ月以内に竣工せしむべき見込みなりと云えば、落成の暁きには捕虜将卒の続々送致せらるるなるべく、尚ほ取締上差支なき限り将校に対しては附近民家の宿泊を許さるるの方針なるやに聞き及べば、同附近は云うまでも無く千葉町、検見川町、幕張町、船橋町辺に於ても之れが為め直接間接に利する処尠なからざるべし。」 |
"New POW Camp Creation Started Japan has been defeating Russia battle after battle. As a result, our Imperiarl Army has been taking in more and more Russian POWs, so much so that the existing camps such as ones in Matsuyama, Fukuoka, Nagoya and many other places have already been fully packed. To address this, the government had been looking for an appropriate location to construct a new additional large-scale POW camp. The government decided on a vast plain that expands across Mimomi and Okubo districts of Tsudanuma village, Chiba county, Chiba prefecture. The government has already managed to purchase the most of the land needed and has started the construction. It is quite an ambitious project which involves construction of ten buildings that collectively take up an area of 10,000-tsubo, which the goverment aims to complete within three months at the latest. The area is bound to be flooded with Russian officers and soldiers as soon as the construction is completed. Also, it is known that the government intends to permit that commissioned officers be accomodated in local residents as long as that does not pose a threat to security. It is anticipated that, not only those in immediate vicinity of the camp, but also towns such as Chiba, Kemigawa, Makuhari and Funabashi, can enjoy substantial economic gain as a result of this flood of newcomers." |
| 新聞のその後の記事を追ってゆくと、3月25日、26日、27日の3日間で最初の捕虜2,020名が到着している。これは奉天戦の捕虜12,000名が広島県の似島で検疫をうけたあと、伏見、大津、豊橋、佐倉、高崎、仙台の各地にも分配されたものである。 | Subsequent issues of the newspaper reported that 2,020 Russian POWs, the first batch for the Narashino camp, arrived at Narashino on March 25th, 26th and 27th. This batch was a part of 12,000 POWs taken in the Battle of Mukden, who first received quarantine inspection at Nitori of Hiroshima prefecture and then were distributed among Fushimi, Otsu, Toyohashi, Sakura, Takasaki, Sendai and Narashino. |
| * Drawing * | (図) |
| 奉天の捕虜習志野護送の図 （赤羽停車場） | A drawing depicting Mukden POWs being escorted to Narashino (as observed at Akabane station) |
| 東海鉄道大森駅より亀戸を通り津田沼駅に27日午後5時18分に到着した時の様子を次のように伝えている。 | The newspaper reported about one batch of POWs who had arrived at 5:18p.m. on 27th at Tsudanuma station, via Kameido, from Omori, of Tokai Railway. Quote: |
| 「駅に着くと既捕虜は着いて居た。列車に並行して2列になって居る。何れも例の通り乱毛の帽子に一様に茶褐色の外套を羽織って、宇品より附き添ひ来りし指揮者陸軍少尉時山太郎以下下士卒12名の令に従って収容せらるべく総数700名習志野に向ふた。垢の嗅プンと鼻をついて臭きは渠等が長陣の労れを知るべく、見物人の煙草喫ふを見ては眼の色をかえて手をつき出すも哀れに、手鼻かみつゝキョロキョロ見廻はす髯面怪やしくも不思議に見えたり。」 | "When I arrived at the station, the POWs were already there. They were lined up in two rows alongside the train. Every one of seven hundred of them wore the famous __ and a uniformly brown coat. They were led by __ on the way to Narashino. They stunk with __, which indicated fatigue from the long journey they had been making. Some of them saw a spectator smoking a cigarette, and feverishly started begging for one, protruding their hands towards the smoker, which made the reporter feel sad for them. It felt weird and yet somehow fascinating to see these war prisoners, with their bushily-bearded faces, blowing their noses with their hands and restlessly looking around at the unfamiliar surroundings." |
| 習志野原の収容所に着いたばかりの捕虜は建物はまだできていなかったので、テントに入っている。1つのテントに8人が入り、100張のテントを1区として、4区に区切られていた。炊事場だけは急場しのぎに建てられていて、長さ17間幅4間半のものが、囲いの竹矢来に沿って5棟並んでいた。内には石を積んで竈をつくり一斗焚きの軍用釜が各棟20ずつ備えられていた。記者の目からみると、「早急の場合に処して之れ等のもの総べて仮設的なれど万般の用意周到にして、間然する処無きを見る。」の状態だったらしい。 | By the time the POWs arrived at the camp in Narashino-hara, the construction of barracks had not been completed yet, and they had to start living in tents. Each tent accomodated eight people. The camp was divided into four 'sections', with each section consisting of ten tents. While barracks were still under construction, make-shift kitchens, five of them, had already been built along the bamboo fence, each expanding __ in length. Each kitchen was equipped with 20 sets of military __, each having a capacity of __. Quote from the reporter: "In order to deal with a sitiation where little time is available for preparation, these equipments are inevitably nothing but a make-shift. Considering that, it is __ for __ to have managed to get ready everything that are needed. Preparation is impeccable for that regard." |
| テントに落ち着いた捕虜たちは、 「天幕と天幕の間の空地に1人がバケツ形の水呑に水を入れて頬を湿すと他の1人が剃刀を出して髯を剃って遣り、或は支給された2枚の蒲団にくるまって安眠高臥し、或は一松形の盤に向ふて木屑の駒を使って三々五々頭を鳩めて将棋を戦はし、或は糸を酒保で求めて服の破れ繕ふあり。之も酒保に求め来し白パン、堅パンを噛りながら舌鼓をうって茶を啜るあり、バイブル読みて沈思するあり、蒲団にくるまりながら、故郷をや思ふ輾転反側するあり。是は又汚わしい公然服の縫目をあさりて半風先生を平ぐるあり。打ち見る所、二三を除きては何れも戦陣中の穴居より逃れて此好家居を得たるを悦べるらしく莞爾として巻煙草長閑に吹かす様悠長なりや。」 |
Once settled in tents, POWs started to make themselves at home. Quote: "In the space between tents, one prisoner brings in water in a bucket-shaped cup and moistens his beard, then another shaved it for him. Some are sleeping a sound sleep, wrapped in the provided two-piece set of futon. Some are gathering around a checkerboard to play chess. Some are mending their ripped clothes using threads bought at the camp canteen. Some are having tea, relishing white or hard bread, which is also available at the canteen. Some seems deeply sunk in their own thoughts in front of a bible. Some are wrapped up in futon and are rolling over again and again. I wonder if they are remembering their home. Some are openly searching for lice in the stitches of their clothes and snap-killed them when found. As far as I can see, except for only a few of them, everyone seemed pleased with the situation, where they have been released from their uncomfortable war trench and brought to this moderately good accomodation to stay. Now they are taking it easy, some leasurely enjoying cigarettes, taking time." |
| 収容所長は衛戍司令官森岡大佐で、その配下の1ヶ中隊が東京麻布から来て外部の守備に当っている。収容所内の守備と一切の事務は習志野騎兵一五連隊の森川大尉、和田少尉が責任者である。収容係が、到着した日にパンと手拭と歯磨粉を配ってやったので、捕虜たちは大いに悦んだそうである。 | __ was __ Morioka, and one of the __s under his command had moved from Azabu, Tokyo, to Narashino to surround the camp to guard. __ Morikawa and __ Wada from __ were solely in charge of guarding and all the managerial tasks of the camp. On the day the POWs arrived, the person in charge of reception handed out bread, towel and tooth paste to them, much to their delight. |
| 5月16日に佐倉から300名の下士卒が習志野に転送されて来ている。佐倉の将校10人は従卒10人を伴ってすでに4月13日高崎収容所に移っている。『佐倉市』（林寿祐著大正13年）によれば、「明治38年4月2日、露国捕虜320名収容せられる。9月16日、さらに習志野収容所へ護送せられる。」と記されているという。9月16日は5月16日の誤りであろうか。千葉毎日新聞は佐倉の収容所について次のように報じている。（4月13日付） | On May 16th, 300 petty officers were transferred from Sakura to Narashino. By then, 10 officers with their 10 subordinates had already been transferred from Sakura to the Takasaki camp on April 13th. According to ★ ... |
| 「捕虜数は総じて310名、都小路相済社に145名、公会堂鹿州館に70名、鏑木町妙隆寺に52名、弥勒町勝寿寺に32名宛の下士卒を収容し、将校10名、従卒10名は裏新町富士屋事角田岩吉方に収容し居れるが、その階級氏名は左の如し。（中略）別に新町教安寺に捕虜事務所あり佐倉衛戍司令官越野中佐を所長として京都大尉、中村少尉、及川特務曹長、吉田、荒井両通訳及数多の下士卒を以て一切の事務を整理す。△炊事は将校の分は富士屋自身にて、其他は同町の大川儀衛門、高橋由八の両人請負ひて仕出しつつあり酒保は之も同町の為田平三郎というもの1人にて請負ひ日々日用品を捕虜に供給し居れり。（中略）△渠等は目下定まわる用もなきままに其の習慣たる食後2時間位の昼寝と、将校はトランプ下士卒はシャカシャカと称する将棋の如きもの及び球投げなどをなして日を送る（後略）」 | "the number of prisoners is 310 in all, of which __, __, __ and __ have taken 145, 70, 52 and 32 petty officers respectively, and __ has taken 10 officers and 10 subordinates, whose rankes are indicated to the left... * snip * The administrative office of the camp is located in __, where all the administration tasks are solely handled by __, __, __, two interpreters __, __, and a number of petty officers. ... Fujiya himself takes care of the meals for officers. For others, meansl were prepared and brought in by __ __ The canteen storage is single-handedly taken care of by Heizaburo Tameda from the said town, who visited the camp on daily basis to fulfill everyday needs of prisoners. * snip * Having nothing particular to do at the moment, they spend their days taking two-hour-nap after meal, officers playing cards and petty officers playing at a shogi-like board game they call Shaka-shaka or throwing a ball. * snip * |
| 5月18日名古屋収容所より下士卒250名が習志野に転送されてきている。さらに5月24日から31日までの7日間で浜寺（大阪）と馬場より5,950余名が到着し、7月18日現在11,800名に増えている。その他日付不明であるが、大津、金沢よりの転送もあったということである。いずれも将校は含まれていなかった。 | On May 18th, 250 petty officers were transferred from the Nagoya camp to Narashino. Additionally, 950 were transferred between May 24th and 31st from Hamadera (Osaka) and Baba, raising the total number to 950 as of 11,800. Furthermore, it is known that there also were transfers from Otsu and Kanazawa, although the dates are not clear. No commissioned officer was included in either of these transfers. |
| 収容所の建物は3月以来大急ぎで工事が進んでいたらしいが、7月に入って大部分完成して、先着の捕虜がテントより移っている。下士以上1室8畳敷へ2人または3人、兵士は大広間数10人の割りである。亜鉛葺のバラックであるが天井が高いので夏でも暑くないという。なお、建築がいかに大規模で大急ぎであったかは次の記事からもうかがえる。 | Construction of the camp structures had been undergoing in great haste since March, and they were complete by July for the most part, and prisoners began to be moved from tents to the new barracks, prioritizing on those who had arrived on earlier days. Petty officers and above were given rooms of 8-mat space, each accomodating 2 to 3 persons. Common soldiers were given big rooms, each accomodating a few dozens of people. Roofs were made of zinc boards, which could absorb heat from the sun, but the height of the ceiling prevented the rooms from getting too hot. The following article gives you a good idea of how large-scaled the construction was and how hastily it underwent: |
| 「習志野行職工の逆戻り 下総習志野の俘虜収容所が大急ぎで建築と聞いて、久し振りの大儲けは此時だと職人連は5割増の呼声に気乗りして飛出すも夥しく、大工はほんの必要なだけの道具箱を担ぎ石工は1袋の鉄槌を肩に投げかけ、両国から26銭の汽車賃を払って総武線の津田沼駅より目的地へ入り込む。連中は少くとも毎日340人を下らず、差も広き習志野収容所の工事場は大工、石工、土方等にて3,000余人の著しき数に達したるが、此辺は兵営前に10余軒の商家と附近に数軒の農家あるのみにて、宿泊せんとするには半里余も隔たりたる大久保村か或は成田街道の薬園台村に赴かざるを得ず。去れば強いて農家の店前を借受けるものありしより、此まで10畳敷にて1ヶ月22、3円の飛値を現はし、僅か3畳敷の物置同然のものさえ6円以上に引上げたれば、縦え5割増の賃金を貰ひたりとも一室占領などは中々思ひもよらず、10畳敷へ20人も鮨付となって押合ひへし合い、一夜の雨露を凌ぐといふ有様にして、此の上毎日の弁当は外国米入のも5銭宛で大焚出場より買い入れ、酒といへば1合7銭のものが酒とは名ばかりのアルコール水にて、8銭5厘も出して漸く東京の5銭位しか飲めず、其他の食事もこれに準じ孰も眼の球の飛出るようなものばかりとて自ら愚痴も滴したくなり、ベランメヘ江戸ッ子様だ、こんな原の中で何が楽みで斯んな苦しい思いをするのだ。銭が残らぬ位なら寧そ家に寝てゐた方が増だいと、先着の気早連はポンポン言って舞戻るもの引きも切らぬ有様なりといふ。」 |
"Narashino-bound Workers Reversed The word that construction of the Narashino camp was due to start soon quickly spread among workers. They jumped at this rare occasion of making money - 'Did you hear that? They pay 1.5 times as much money as we usually get paid.' 'Is that true?. I'm not gonna miss it.' - and flooded into Narashino. They packed light, carpenters with their minimum set of toolboxes and stone masons merely bringing a bag of hammers, and hopped on the Sobu-line train at Ryogoku station, which took them to Tsudanuma station and it cost them 26 sen. They got off the train and walked to their destination, the camp construction site. In excess of 340 of them arrived per day every day. Now the site was flooded with staggering 3,000-plus carpenters, masons and laborers. The problem was, they were too much for this vicinity to accomodate, where all you could see was a single military barrack, a dozen or so traders' shops, and a few farmhouses. That was it. For this swarm of workers to find a proper accomodation, they had to make a journey to either Okubo village or Yakuendai village along the Narita Road, which were as far as four kilometers away from the construction site. Some started to lease rooms from nearby farmers, which triggered rents to rise. The record high so far was 22 or 23 yen per month for a room of ten-mat space. You could even be charged more than 6 yen for a room of as small as three-mat space. There was no way for one person to occupy one room for himself, and 1.5-times-than-usual wage didn't help at all. They had to sardine-pack themselves, for example 20 workers in one ten-mat room, just to sleep with a roof above their heads. As if this isn't enough, the lunch was not cheap. They had to buy it from the makeshift outdoor kitchen, and it cost as much as 5 sen even for the lower grade lunch which was mixed with foreign rice. As for sake, what you got for as much as 7 sen was a gou of literally a mix of water and alchohol which the seller shamelessly called sake. If you were prepared to cough up 8 sen 5 rin, then what you could get here was what you could have gotten only for 5 sen if you were in Tokyo. The same rip-off situation prevailed all the other meals as well - 'They cost me arms and legs. I am Edokko and I'm not taking this. If you think I continue to stay here, only suffering and having no fun, think again. I've got better things to do, such as to sleep at home, than to work for no money.' ... such was a typical leaving message, uttered like a machine-gun. More and more of those who had jumped at this occasion faster than anyone are leaving just as equally quickly, they say. |
| 7月13日、収容されていた非戦闘員（衛生部員）88名が解放され、帰国するために神戸に向って出発している。 | On 13th July, 88 of non-combatant members (medics) of the prisoners were released, and they headed for Kobe, from where they would embark for their homeland. |
（和文出典: http://www.city.narashino.lg.jp/konnamachi/bunkahistory/rekishi/nichiro/2.html 日露戦争と習志野の捕虜）